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Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) 

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) is a severe form of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) that significantly affects mental health and daily functioning. It involves emotional, behavioral, and physical symptoms that occur during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle (after ovulation and before menstruation).

Symptoms of PMDD

PMDD symptoms typically arise 1-2 weeks before menstruation and subside within a few days after the period starts. Common symptoms include:

Emotional and Behavioral Symptoms:

  • Severe mood swings

  • Intense irritability or anger

  • Depressed mood or feelings of hopelessness

  • Anxiety or tension

  • Marked changes in sleep patterns (insomnia or sleeping too much)

  • Difficulty concentrating

  • Decreased interest in usual activities

  • Fatigue or low energy

  • Feeling overwhelmed or out of control


Physical Symptoms:

  • Breast tenderness or swelling

  • Headaches

  • Joint or muscle pain

  • Bloating or weight gain

  • Changes in appetite, including overeating or food cravings

Supplements

Certain supplements like calcium, magnesium, and vitamin B6 have shown potential in alleviating PMDD symptoms. Consult a healthcare provider before starting any supplement regimen. 

PMDD Diagnosis

Diagnosing PMDD involves:

  • Symptom Tracking: Keeping a daily record of symptoms for at least two menstrual cycles.

  • Clinical Evaluation: A healthcare provider will review symptom diaries and medical history.

  • Exclusion of Other Conditions: Ruling out other mental health disorders or medical conditions that could cause similar symptoms.


Causes and Risk Factors:

  • The exact cause of PMDD is unknown, but potential factors include:

  • Sensitivity to hormonal changes (particularly fluctuations in estrogen and progesterone)

  • Genetic predisposition

  • Serotonin deficiency, as serotonin levels can influence mood

Management Strategies & Treatment 

PMDD treatment often requires a multi-faceted approach, including:

Lifestyle Changes:

  • Regular exercise

  • Healthy diet (reducing caffeine, sugar, and alcohol)

  • Adequate sleep

  • Stress management techniques (yoga, meditation)

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Medications:

  • Antidepressants: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are commonly prescribed and can be taken daily or only during the luteal phase.

  • Hormonal Treatments: Birth control pills, GnRH agonists, or hormonal therapy to stabilize hormonal fluctuations.

  • Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs): For pain relief.

  • Diuretics: To reduce bloating and fluid retention.


Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT):
CBT can help manage emotional symptoms by addressing negative thought patterns and behaviours.

Individuals experiencing severe or disruptive PMDD symptoms should consult a healthcare professional. A thorough medical evaluation can determine the best approach for managing symptoms. Treatment plans should be tailored to individual needs, preferences, and the severity of symptoms. 

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